Increasing Spectrum for Broadband: What Are The Options?

The growth of wireless broadband is a bright spot in the U.S. economy, but a shortage of flexibly licensed spectrum rights could put a crimp on this expansion. Freeing up spectrum from other uses would allow greater expansion of wireless broadband and would bring substantial gains—likely in the hundreds of billions of dollars—for U.S. consumers, businesses, and the federal treasury. ... U.S. experience suggests that it takes at least six years, and possibly over a decade, to complete any large-scale reallocation of spectrum. Thus, for policymakers, the ?projected? need is actually here today. This paper makes three proposals to increase spectrum available for wireless broadband under a flexibly licensed, market-based regime.

On the early fate of hydrothermal iron at deep-sea vents: A reassessment after in situ filtration

Deep-sea hydrothermal venting is now recognized as a major source of iron (Fe), an essential trace element that controls marine productivity. However, the reactions occurring during dispersal from buoyant plumes to neutrally buoyant hydrothermal plumes are still poorly constrained. Here we report for the first time on the dissolved-particulate partition of Fe after in situ filtration at the early stage of mixing at different hydrothermal discharges, i.e., Lucky Strike (37 degrees N), TAG (26 degrees N), and Snakepit (23 degrees N) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. We found that hydrothermal iron is almost completely preserved (>90%) in the dissolved fraction, arguing for low iron-bearing sulfide precipitation of iron in basalt-hosted systems with low Fe:H2S ratios. This result can only be explained by a kinetically limited formation of pyrite. The small part of Fe being precipitated as sulfides in the mixing gradient (<10%) is restricted to the inclusion of Fe in minerals of high Cu and Zn content. We also show that secondary venting is a source of Fe-depleted hydrothermal solutions. These results provide new constrains on Fe fluxes from hydrothermal venting

Behavior Genetic Approaches to BPD

In line with current biologically-informed theories of borderline personality disorder (BPD), researchers have increasingly focused on the genetic and environmental processes underlying this form of pathology. Although the currently characterized by scarcity, the literature on BPD heritability is expanding and thus far has implicated the role of both genetic and environmental influences. However, results surrounding the disorder’s genetic transmission have not been consistent across studies. In the current chapter, we review the available evidence from family studies, supporting the familial transmission of BPD, evidence from classical twin studies for genetic and environmental effects on BPD across time. We will describe how the available evidence may inform the basic processes that underlie the etiology and trajectory of BPD. In particular, we argue that the inconsistencies of genetic and environmental estimates on BPD across development might begin to provide evidence for gene-environment interplay (including processes in which an individual creates or selects his or her own environment). A final purpose of the chapter will be to cover special issues related to BPD regarding the information that genetic approaches can yield when attempting to understand the disorder\u27s etiology and overlap with comorbid pathology